Controls on nitrification in a water-limited ecosystem: Experimental inhibition of ammonia-oxidising bacteria in the Patagonian steppe

We studied controls on nitrification in an undisturbed water-limited ecosystem by inhibiting autotrophic nitrifying bacteria in soils with varying levels of vegetative cover. The activity of nitrifying bacteria was disrupted using nitrapyrin, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine, under field conditions in three microenvironments (underneath shrubs, next to grasses and in bare soil). Ammonia-oxidising bacteria were detected by PCR analysis of DNA in soils. The inhibition of nitrification changed the concentrations of NO ₃^- and NH₄⁺ in the soil, while the microenvironment was most important in determining the response of bacteria to the inhibitor. Nitrapyrin application resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in soil NO₃^- concentration (39%) and a significant increase (p < 0.001) in soil NH₄⁺ concentration (41%). Untreated bare-soil microenvironments had the lowest concentrations of NH₄⁺ (1.57 μg/g of dry soil) and NO₃^- (0.49 μg/g of dry soil) when compared to the other microenvironments, and showed the highest impacts of nitrification inhibition. For example, NH₄⁺ concentrations increased 288% and NO₃^- concentrations decreased 60% in inhibited bare-soil microenvironments. In contrast, untreated microenvironments underneath shrubs had the highest levels of NH₄⁺ (10.01 μg/g of dry soil) and NO₃^- (0.69 μg/g of dry soil), but showed no significant effects of inhibition of nitrification on soil nitrogen concentrations.