@article{cf500bad08764ab8921cc557b4f09f9e,
title = "Conservation phylogenetics of helodermatid lizards using multiple molecular markers and a supertree approach",
abstract = "We analyzed both mitochondrial (mt-) and nuclear (n) DNAs in a conservation phylogenetic framework to examine deep and shallow histories of the Beaded Lizard (Heloderma horridum) and Gila Monster (H. suspectum) throughout their geographic ranges in North and Central America. Both mtDNA and intron markers clearly partitioned each species. One intron and mtDNA further subdivided H. horridum into its four recognized subspecies (H. n. alvarezi, charlesbogerti, exasperatum, and horridum). However, the two subspecies of H. suspectum (H. s. suspectum and H. s. cinctum) were undefined. A supertree approach sustained these relationships. Overall, the Helodermatidae is reaffirmed as an ancient and conserved group. Its most recent common ancestor (MRCA) was Lower Eocene [35.4 million years ago (mya)], with a ∼25 my period of stasis before the MRCA of H. horridum diversified in Lower Miocene. Another ∼5 my passed before H. h. exasperatum and H. h. horridum diverged, followed by ∼1.5 my before H. h. alvarezi and H. h. charlesbogerti separated. Heloderma suspectum reflects an even longer period of stasis (∼30 my) before diversifying from its MRCA. Both H. suspectum (M{\'e}xico) and H. h. alvarezi also revealed evidence of historic range expansion following a recent bottleneck. Our conservation phylogenetic approach emphasizes the origin and diversification of this group, yields information on the manner by which past environmental variance may have impacted its populations and, in turn, allows us to disentangle historic from contemporary impacts that might threaten its long-term persistence. The value of helodermatid conservation resides in natural services and medicinal products, particularly venom constituents, and these are only now being realized.",
keywords = "ATPase, Anguimorpha, Enolase, Indel, Intron, MCIC, Ornithine decarboxilase, Varanoidea, mtDNA",
author = "Douglas, {Michael E.} and Douglas, {Marlis R.} and Schuett, {Gordon W.} and Beck, {Daniel D.} and Brian Sullivan",
note = "Funding Information: Numerous individuals provided field/lab support, samples, and/or critical advice. They are M. Andrade, D. Boyer, C. Baldera, J. Dubach, J. Campbell, D. DeNardo, M. Hill, R. Ihle, T. Jones, H. Koenig, M. Kwiatkowski, D. Lawson, J. Malcom, S. Meyer, W. Montgomery, E. Nowak, L. Porras, W. Radke, A. Ram{\'i}rez, A. Ram{\'i}rez-Bautista, C. Ray, R. Repp, C. Guichard Romero, K. Sullivan, E. Taylor, B. Tomberlin, M. Villa, and E. Wolbert. We graciously acknowledge T. Townsend for providing a DNA sample of Lanthanotus borneensis, and J. Lemos-Espinal for tissue samples of Xenosaurus rectocollaris. The assistance of personnel managing live collections at: Centro Ecologia de Sonora (M{\'e}xico); San Diego Zoo (CA); Sedgwick County Zoo; Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico (DF, M{\'e}xico), Zool{\'o}gico Migu{\'e}l {\'A}lvarez del Toro (Chiapas, M{\'e}xico), and Zoo Atlanta is greatly appreciated. This research was funded, in part, by a Heritage Grant from the Arizona Game and Fish Department (B.K.S. and G.W.S.), a Research Incentive Award/Scholarly Research and Creative Activities Award, Arizona State University (G.W.S), Zoo Atlanta, Georgia State University, and Illinois Natural History Survey. Scientific collecting permits from M{\'e}xico and the states of Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah are duly noted and appreciated. Complete mt DNA genomes were obtained from GenBank for the following lepidosaurian taxa (GenBank number in parentheses): Teratoscincus keyserlingii ( AY753545 ); Calotes versicolor ( AB183287 ); Furcifer oustaleti ( AB185326 ); Pogona vitticeps ( AB166795 ); Chlamydosaurus kingii ( EF090421 ); Abronia graminea ( AB080273 ); Varanus komodoensis ( AB080275 ); Iguana iguana ( AJ278511 ); Sceloporus occidentalis ( AB079242 ); Plestiodon egregius ( AB016606 ); Cordylus warreni ( AB079613 ); Cylindrophis rufus ( AB179619 ); Python regius ( AB177878 ); Boa constrictor ( AB177354 ); Acrochordus granulatus ( AB177879 ); Amphisbaena schmidti ( AY605475 ); Rhineura floridana ( AY605473 ); Podarcis muralis ( FJ460597 ); Takydromus tachydromoides ( AB080237 ); Lacerta viridis ( AM176577 ); Sphenodon punctatus ( AF534390 ). We downloaded α−enolase (ENOL) genotypes from GenBank for the following taxa (GenBank number in parentheses): Paracontias holomelas ( AY391227 ); Plestiodon laticeps ( AY218074 ); Mabuya bistriata ( DQ239345 ); Scincella lateralis ( AY218049 ); Cnemidophorus ocellifer ( AY218077 ); Tupinambis quadrilineatus ( AY218076 ); Mesalina guttulata ( AY218056 ); Gehyra mutilata ( AY218045 ).",
year = "2010",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.009",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "55",
pages = "153--167",
journal = "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution",
issn = "1055-7903",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "1",
}