TY - JOUR
T1 - Breast milk virome and bacterial microbiome resilience in kenyan women living with hiv
AU - Maqsood, Rabia
AU - Reus, Joshua B.
AU - Wu, Lily I.
AU - Holland, La Rinda A.
AU - Nduati, Ruth
AU - Mbori-Ngacha, Dorothy
AU - Maleche-Obimbo, Elizabeth
AU - Begnel, Emily R.
AU - Gantt, Soren
AU - Ojee, Ednah
AU - Wamalwa, Dalton
AU - John-Stewart, Grace
AU - Slyker, Jennifer
AU - Lehman, Dara A.
AU - Lim, Efrem S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Maqsood et al.
PY - 2021/3
Y1 - 2021/3
N2 - Breast milk is nutritionally and immunologically beneficial in early life but is also a potential source of infection. Little is known about breast milk microbiota of women living with HIV (WLHIV), the impact of severe immunosuppression, and the contribution to mortality of HIV-exposed infants. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing to characterize the bacterial microbiome and DNA virome of breast milk samples at 1month postpartum from Kenyan WLHIV who were not receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), 23 women with CD4 counts of ,250 and 30 women with CD4 of .500; and additionally, 19 WLHIV with infants that lived and 26 WLHIV with infants that died during the first 2 years of life were included. We found that breast milk bacterial microbiomes in this study population were highly diverse but shared a core community composed of the Streptococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Eubacteriaceae families. The breast milk virome was dominated by human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and included the bacteriophage families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae. Bacterial microbiome and virome profiles and diversity were not significantly altered by HIV immunosuppression, as defined by a CD4 of ,250. CMV viral load was not associated with maternal CD4 counts or infant mortality. In conclusion, we show that the core bacterial and viral communities are resilient in breast milk despite immunosuppression in WLHIV.
AB - Breast milk is nutritionally and immunologically beneficial in early life but is also a potential source of infection. Little is known about breast milk microbiota of women living with HIV (WLHIV), the impact of severe immunosuppression, and the contribution to mortality of HIV-exposed infants. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing to characterize the bacterial microbiome and DNA virome of breast milk samples at 1month postpartum from Kenyan WLHIV who were not receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), 23 women with CD4 counts of ,250 and 30 women with CD4 of .500; and additionally, 19 WLHIV with infants that lived and 26 WLHIV with infants that died during the first 2 years of life were included. We found that breast milk bacterial microbiomes in this study population were highly diverse but shared a core community composed of the Streptococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Eubacteriaceae families. The breast milk virome was dominated by human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and included the bacteriophage families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae. Bacterial microbiome and virome profiles and diversity were not significantly altered by HIV immunosuppression, as defined by a CD4 of ,250. CMV viral load was not associated with maternal CD4 counts or infant mortality. In conclusion, we show that the core bacterial and viral communities are resilient in breast milk despite immunosuppression in WLHIV.
KW - Breast milk
KW - CMV
KW - HIV
KW - Microbiome
KW - Virome
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U2 - 10.1128/MSYSTEMS.01079-20
DO - 10.1128/MSYSTEMS.01079-20
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85103782893
SN - 2379-5077
VL - 6
JO - mSystems
JF - mSystems
IS - 2
M1 - e01079-20
ER -