TY - JOUR
T1 - Atomistic Nucleation Mechanism of Titanium Oxides in Steel Based on Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Modes
AU - Xiao, Yuanyou
AU - Wang, Guocheng
AU - Jin, Pengliang
AU - Zhang, Lifeng
AU - Sridhar, Seetharaman
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully express their appreciation to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51874170, 51634004) for supporting this work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Inclusions of TixOy and Al2O3–TixOy have often been reported in previous studies and were also observed in our present experiment. To understand the formation mechanism of TixOy inclusions in molten steel at atomic scale by homogeneous and heterogeneous modes, the DFT method was used to calculate the structures and thermodynamic properties of pre-nucleation metastable phases ((TixOy)n clusters) of TixOy inclusions and the interface properties between Al2O3 planes and (TixOy)1 clusters. By comparing the equilibrium curve of (TixOy)n clusters with the equilibrium experimental data between dissolved Ti and O in iron melt, it was found that the formation of TixOy inclusions in iron melt is a two-step process and the nanoscale (TixOy)n clusters have difficulty growing into the final bulk TixOy at a low supersaturation ratio of [Ti] and [O] in melt. The Ti-deoxidation product in the previous equilibrium experiments should be not only bulk TixOy but also (TixOy)n clusters. Comparing the homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of TixOy inclusions showed that the critical supersaturation ratio required for forming (TixOy)n clusters in heterogeneous mode is smaller than that in homogeneous mode, while the transformation force of (TixOy)n clusters into TixOy crystal in heterogeneous mode is the same as that in homogeneous mode. This work is helpful to investigate the nucleation and growth mechanism of TixOy inclusions in steel melt and provide a theoretical basis for the design of steel materials.
AB - Inclusions of TixOy and Al2O3–TixOy have often been reported in previous studies and were also observed in our present experiment. To understand the formation mechanism of TixOy inclusions in molten steel at atomic scale by homogeneous and heterogeneous modes, the DFT method was used to calculate the structures and thermodynamic properties of pre-nucleation metastable phases ((TixOy)n clusters) of TixOy inclusions and the interface properties between Al2O3 planes and (TixOy)1 clusters. By comparing the equilibrium curve of (TixOy)n clusters with the equilibrium experimental data between dissolved Ti and O in iron melt, it was found that the formation of TixOy inclusions in iron melt is a two-step process and the nanoscale (TixOy)n clusters have difficulty growing into the final bulk TixOy at a low supersaturation ratio of [Ti] and [O] in melt. The Ti-deoxidation product in the previous equilibrium experiments should be not only bulk TixOy but also (TixOy)n clusters. Comparing the homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of TixOy inclusions showed that the critical supersaturation ratio required for forming (TixOy)n clusters in heterogeneous mode is smaller than that in homogeneous mode, while the transformation force of (TixOy)n clusters into TixOy crystal in heterogeneous mode is the same as that in homogeneous mode. This work is helpful to investigate the nucleation and growth mechanism of TixOy inclusions in steel melt and provide a theoretical basis for the design of steel materials.
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U2 - 10.1007/s11663-021-02258-8
DO - 10.1007/s11663-021-02258-8
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85110020998
SN - 1073-5615
VL - 52
SP - 3315
EP - 3331
JO - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
IS - 5
ER -