TY - JOUR
T1 - An Innovative Scheme to Confront the Trade-Off Between Water Conservation and Heat Alleviation With Environmental Justice for Urban Sustainability
T2 - The Case of Phoenix, Arizona
AU - Zhu, Yuanhui
AU - Myint, Soe W.
AU - Feng, Xin
AU - Li, Yubin
N1 - Funding Information:
This work is funded by NASA (NASA Grant 80NSSC20K0168). A financial support in part is also provided by the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment, San Marcos.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023. The Authors.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Cities in warmer climate zones have experienced extreme heat and unbearable drought conditions due to climate change. Developing a practical and integrated framework to tackle the trade-off between land surface temperature (LST) reduction and water conservation is essential for heat mitigation and resilience planning. We developed a multi-objective framework of spatial optimization for priority areas that considers environmental justice. We identified the priority areas (i.e., residential districts, socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, hotspot regions, and opportunity areas) using ECOSTRESS-based LST, actual evapotranspiration (ETa, as a proxy to outdoor water use [OWU]), Landsat-based LST and ETa changes (2000–2020), and the evaporative stress index. The configuration of vegetation was spatially optimized to achieve the highest co-benefits by equally balancing both objectives. We found that LST decreased and OWU increased as the vegetation percentage rose from 25% to 45%. The trade-off between heat reduction and water conservation indicates that LST is not significantly reduced, as OWU reaches above the mid-level if we focus mainly on LST reduction. The associated green space configurations suggest that grass coverage gradually increases as tree coverage decreases slightly in unmanaged soil. Overall, hotspot regions have a higher potential to lower LST by consuming less water than other areas with the same percentage of new vegetation. Based on this perspective, we suggest that urban planners and city managers prioritize hotspot regions by considering environmental justice and co-benefits to ensure highly efficient LST amelioration and OWU conservation.
AB - Cities in warmer climate zones have experienced extreme heat and unbearable drought conditions due to climate change. Developing a practical and integrated framework to tackle the trade-off between land surface temperature (LST) reduction and water conservation is essential for heat mitigation and resilience planning. We developed a multi-objective framework of spatial optimization for priority areas that considers environmental justice. We identified the priority areas (i.e., residential districts, socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, hotspot regions, and opportunity areas) using ECOSTRESS-based LST, actual evapotranspiration (ETa, as a proxy to outdoor water use [OWU]), Landsat-based LST and ETa changes (2000–2020), and the evaporative stress index. The configuration of vegetation was spatially optimized to achieve the highest co-benefits by equally balancing both objectives. We found that LST decreased and OWU increased as the vegetation percentage rose from 25% to 45%. The trade-off between heat reduction and water conservation indicates that LST is not significantly reduced, as OWU reaches above the mid-level if we focus mainly on LST reduction. The associated green space configurations suggest that grass coverage gradually increases as tree coverage decreases slightly in unmanaged soil. Overall, hotspot regions have a higher potential to lower LST by consuming less water than other areas with the same percentage of new vegetation. Based on this perspective, we suggest that urban planners and city managers prioritize hotspot regions by considering environmental justice and co-benefits to ensure highly efficient LST amelioration and OWU conservation.
KW - drought
KW - environmental justice
KW - green infrastructure
KW - outdoor water use
KW - spatial optimization
KW - urban heat
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U2 - 10.1029/2022AV000816
DO - 10.1029/2022AV000816
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85148701361
SN - 2576-604X
VL - 4
JO - AGU Advances
JF - AGU Advances
IS - 1
M1 - e2022AV000816
ER -