@article{67c85721dbad498fa0ce642bd3a9c2c8,
title = "Advanced 3D and 4D microstructure study of single granule formation for pharmaceutical powders using synchrotron x-ray imaging",
abstract = "Monitoring the microstructure of the granule in the wet granulation process could play a decisive role in obtaining high-quality granules. Due to the complex, fast and opaque nature of wet granulation, it cannot be captured by conventional methods. In this study, synchrotron x-ray imaging was employed for the first time to investigate the internal real-time pore evolution during the granule formation process, based on the single droplet impact method. It was found that granules from coarser and more homogenous powders experienced a higher rate of pore evolution during nucleation with a more uniform pore distribution. Dynamic wetting studies showed the granule formation mechanisms, the crater mechanism was found for most binary mixtures with 50 wt. % excipients. According to the physical tests, the granules with lower porosity and finer pores exhibited higher hardness and a slower dissolution rate.",
keywords = "dissolution, hardness, porosity, synchrotron x-ray imaging, wet granulation",
author = "{Zeinali Danalou}, Sima and Carter Blocka and Jingsi Yang and Ning Zhu and Emady, {Heather N.} and Ellen Wasan and Lifeng Zhang",
note = "Funding Information: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Saskatchewan; Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI); National Research Council (NRC); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Government of Saskatchewan Funding information Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from NSERC and the University of Saskatchewan. We also want to thank Dr. Michael Nickerson for using his lab equipment, the texture analyzer. We thank Dr. Sergey Gasilov for the imaging setup development and Mr. Xiao Fan Ding for his help on the data collection at the Canadian Light Source. The research was conducted at the Canadian Light Source, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the National Research Council (NRC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Government of Saskatchewan, and the University of Saskatchewan. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.",
year = "2023",
doi = "10.1002/aic.18048",
language = "English (US)",
journal = "AICHE Journal",
issn = "0001-1541",
publisher = "American Institute of Chemical Engineers",
}