TY - JOUR
T1 - Adding a New Member to the MXene Family
T2 - Synthesis, Structure, and Electrocatalytic Activity for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of V4C3Tx
AU - Tran, Minh H.
AU - Schäfer, Timo
AU - Shahraei, Ali
AU - Dürrschnabel, Michael
AU - Molina-Luna, Leopoldo
AU - Kramm, Ulrike I.
AU - Birkel, Christina S.
N1 - Funding Information:
*E-mail: birkel@ac.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de. ORCID Ulrike I. Kramm: 0000-0002-0884-1459 Christina S. Birkel: 0000-0001-8979-5214 Present Address ∥Institute for Applied Materials, Applied Materials Physics Department: Metallic Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. Funding C.S.B. and M.H.T. thank the DFG for financial support (Grant BI 1775/2-1). M.D. and L.M.-L. acknowledge financial support from the Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts via LOEWE RESPONSE. L.M.-L acknowledges financial support from DFG Grant MO3010/3-1. A.S. and U.I.K. acknowledge financial support by the graduate school of excellence energy science and engineering (Grant GSC1070). Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.
PY - 2018/8/27
Y1 - 2018/8/27
N2 - Two-dimensional transition-metal-based carbides (or nitrides), so-called MXenes, that can be derived from the three-dimensional MAX phases, have attracted considerable attention throughout the past couple of years. The particular structure together with their hydrophilic and metallic nature make them promising candidates for a plethora of applications, such as sensors, electrodes, and catalysts. Obviously, the respective chemical and physical properties are highly dependent on the chemical composition, stoichiometry, and surface structure of the MXene. Here, we introduce a new member of the MXene family, V4C3Tx (T representing the surface groups), based on the chemical exfoliation of the 413 MAX phase V4AlC3 by treatment with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. X-ray powder diffraction data together with scale-bridging electron microscopy studies prove the successful removal of aluminum from the MAX phase structure. The electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction of this new MXene is tested in acidic solution over the course of 100 cycles. Interestingly, we find a significant improvement of the catalytic performance over time (i.e., the overpotential required to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 decreases by almost 200 mV) that we assign to the removal of an oxide species from the surface of the MXene, as shown by XPS measurements. Our study provides crucial experimental data of the electrocatalytic activity of MXenes together with the evolution of its surface structure that is also relevant for other transition-metal-based MXenes in the context of further potential applications.
AB - Two-dimensional transition-metal-based carbides (or nitrides), so-called MXenes, that can be derived from the three-dimensional MAX phases, have attracted considerable attention throughout the past couple of years. The particular structure together with their hydrophilic and metallic nature make them promising candidates for a plethora of applications, such as sensors, electrodes, and catalysts. Obviously, the respective chemical and physical properties are highly dependent on the chemical composition, stoichiometry, and surface structure of the MXene. Here, we introduce a new member of the MXene family, V4C3Tx (T representing the surface groups), based on the chemical exfoliation of the 413 MAX phase V4AlC3 by treatment with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. X-ray powder diffraction data together with scale-bridging electron microscopy studies prove the successful removal of aluminum from the MAX phase structure. The electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction of this new MXene is tested in acidic solution over the course of 100 cycles. Interestingly, we find a significant improvement of the catalytic performance over time (i.e., the overpotential required to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 decreases by almost 200 mV) that we assign to the removal of an oxide species from the surface of the MXene, as shown by XPS measurements. Our study provides crucial experimental data of the electrocatalytic activity of MXenes together with the evolution of its surface structure that is also relevant for other transition-metal-based MXenes in the context of further potential applications.
KW - MAX phase
KW - MXene
KW - VAlC
KW - VCT
KW - carbides
KW - electrocatalysis
KW - hydrogen evolution reaction
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U2 - 10.1021/acsaem.8b00652
DO - 10.1021/acsaem.8b00652
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85056610734
SN - 2574-0962
VL - 1
SP - 3908
EP - 3914
JO - ACS Applied Energy Materials
JF - ACS Applied Energy Materials
IS - 8
ER -