TY - JOUR
T1 - A wide field-of-view low-resolution spectrometer at APEX
T2 - Instrument design and scientific forecast
AU - Ade, P.
AU - Aravena, M.
AU - Barria, E.
AU - Beelen, A.
AU - Benoit, A.
AU - Béthermin, M.
AU - Bounmy, J.
AU - Bourrion, O.
AU - Bres, G.
AU - De Breuck, C.
AU - Calvo, M.
AU - Cao, Y.
AU - Catalano, A.
AU - Désert, F. X.
AU - Durán, C. A.
AU - Fasano, A.
AU - Fenouillet, T.
AU - Garcia, J.
AU - Garde, G.
AU - Goupy, J.
AU - Groppi, C.
AU - Hoarau, C.
AU - Lagache, G.
AU - Lambert, J. C.
AU - Leggeri, J. P.
AU - Levy-Bertrand, F.
AU - MacIás-Pérez, J.
AU - Mani, H.
AU - Marpaud, J.
AU - Mauskopf, P.
AU - Monfardini, A.
AU - Pisano, G.
AU - Ponthieu, N.
AU - Prieur, L.
AU - Roni, S.
AU - Roudier, S.
AU - Tourres, D.
AU - Tucker, C.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements. Besides the authors, the technicians and engineers more involved in the experimental setup development have been Maurice Grol-lier, Olivier Exshaw, Anne Gerardin, Gilles Pont, Guillaume Donnier-Valentin, Philippe Jeantet, Mathilde Heigeas, Christophe Vescovi, and Marc Marton. We acknowledge the crucial contributions of the whole Cryogenics and Electronics groups at Institut Néel and LPSC. The arrays described in this paper have been produced at the PTA Grenoble microfabrication facility. We warmly thank the support from the APEX staff for their help in CONCERTO pre-installations and design. The flexible pipes, in particular, have been routed under the competent coordination of Jorge Santana and Marcelo Navarro. We acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project CONCERTO, grant agreement No 788212) and from the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University-A*Midex, a French “Investissements d’Avenir” programme. GL warmly thanks Matt Bradford, Jamie Bock and Tzu-Ching Chang for insightful discussions on CONCERTO sensitivity computation and J.-G. Cuby for his help and support for the ERC proposal. We are grateful to our administrative staff in Grenoble and Marseille, in particular Patricia Poirier, Mathilde Berard, Lilia Todorov and Valérie Favre, and the Protisvalor team. We acknowledge the crucial help of the Institut Néel and MCBT Heads (Etienne Bustarret, Klaus Has-selbach, Thierry Fournier, Laurence Magaud) during the COVID-19 restriction period.
Funding Information:
We acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project CONCERTO, grant agreement No 788212) and from the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University-AMidex, a French "Investissements d'Avenir" programme. GL warmly thanks Matt Bradford, Jamie Bock and Tzu-Ching Chang for insightful discussions on CONCERTO sensitivity computation and J.-G. Cuby for his help and support for the ERC proposal.
Publisher Copyright:
© The CONCERTO collaboration 2020.
PY - 2020/10/1
Y1 - 2020/10/1
N2 - Context. Characterising the large-scale structure in the Universe from present times to the high redshift epoch of reionisation is essential to constraining the cosmology, the history of star formation, and reionisation, to measuring the gas content of the Universe, and to obtaining a better understanding of the physical processes that drive galaxy formation and evolution. Using the integrated emission from unresolved galaxies or gas clouds, line intensity mapping (LIM) provides a new observational window to measure the larger properties of structures. This very promising technique motivates the community to plan for LIM experiments. Aims. We describe the development of a large field-of-view instrument, named CONCERTO (for CarbON CII line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch), operating in the range 130-310 GHz from the APEX 12-m telescope (5100 m above sea level). CONCERTO is a low-resolution spectrometer based on the lumped element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKID) technology. Spectra are obtained using a fast Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), coupled to a dilution cryostat with a base temperature of 0.1 K. Two two kilo-pixel arrays of LEKID are mounted inside the cryostat that also contains the cold optics and the front-end electronics. Methods. We present, in detail, the technological choices leading to the instrumental concept, together with the design and fabrication of the instrument and preliminary laboratory tests on the detectors. We also give our best estimates for CONCERTO sensitivity and give predictions for two of the main scientific goals of CONCERTO, that is, a [CII]-intensity mapping survey and observations of galaxy clusters. Results. We provide a detailed description of the instrument design. Based on realistic comparisons with existing instruments developed by our group (NIKA, NIKA2, and KISS), and on the laboratory characterisation of our detectors, we provide an estimate for CONCERTO sensitivity on the sky. Finally, we describe, in detail, two of the main scientific goals offered by CONCERTO at APEX.
AB - Context. Characterising the large-scale structure in the Universe from present times to the high redshift epoch of reionisation is essential to constraining the cosmology, the history of star formation, and reionisation, to measuring the gas content of the Universe, and to obtaining a better understanding of the physical processes that drive galaxy formation and evolution. Using the integrated emission from unresolved galaxies or gas clouds, line intensity mapping (LIM) provides a new observational window to measure the larger properties of structures. This very promising technique motivates the community to plan for LIM experiments. Aims. We describe the development of a large field-of-view instrument, named CONCERTO (for CarbON CII line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch), operating in the range 130-310 GHz from the APEX 12-m telescope (5100 m above sea level). CONCERTO is a low-resolution spectrometer based on the lumped element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKID) technology. Spectra are obtained using a fast Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), coupled to a dilution cryostat with a base temperature of 0.1 K. Two two kilo-pixel arrays of LEKID are mounted inside the cryostat that also contains the cold optics and the front-end electronics. Methods. We present, in detail, the technological choices leading to the instrumental concept, together with the design and fabrication of the instrument and preliminary laboratory tests on the detectors. We also give our best estimates for CONCERTO sensitivity and give predictions for two of the main scientific goals of CONCERTO, that is, a [CII]-intensity mapping survey and observations of galaxy clusters. Results. We provide a detailed description of the instrument design. Based on realistic comparisons with existing instruments developed by our group (NIKA, NIKA2, and KISS), and on the laboratory characterisation of our detectors, we provide an estimate for CONCERTO sensitivity on the sky. Finally, we describe, in detail, two of the main scientific goals offered by CONCERTO at APEX.
KW - Cosmology: observations
KW - Instrumentation: detectors
KW - Instrumentation: spectrographs
KW - Telescopes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85093969412&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85093969412&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202038456
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202038456
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85093969412
VL - 642
JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics
SN - 0004-6361
M1 - A60
ER -