TY - GEN
T1 - A design pattern for working agreements in human-autonomy teaming
AU - Gutzwiller, Robert S.
AU - Espinosa, Sarah H.
AU - Kenny, Caitlin
AU - Lange, Douglas S.
N1 - Funding Information:
The views expressed in this article are the sole views of the authors and do not reflect official policy or the opinions of the US Government or Department of Defense. This work was funded in part by a NISE ONR project from SPAWAR Pacific, and from the Autonomy Research Pilot Initiative IMPACT project.
Publisher Copyright:
© Springer International Publishing AG (outside the USA) 2018.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - Humans and machines are increasingly reliant upon each other in complex environments and military operations. The near future suggests human understanding of machine counterparts is a required, paradigmatic element. Knowing how to engineer and design for these environments is challenging. The complexity between levels of automation, human information processing, and function allocation authority issues in an adaptive system make it unlikely to find a “one-size-fits-all” approach. There may still be general strategies for engineering in these cases; for example, collaborating and coordinating are familiar requirements of all human team activities, and extend to human-automation teaming. Here, we outline what we believe is one so-called “design pattern” for working agreements. We use the loose structure of prior software design patterns to organize our thoughts on why working agreements are necessary, where and how they are applicable, what instantiating them requires, and how to measure their effectiveness. By choosing the design pattern structure, we end up carefully describing what might work best and what the limits are toward improving human-machine teaming.
AB - Humans and machines are increasingly reliant upon each other in complex environments and military operations. The near future suggests human understanding of machine counterparts is a required, paradigmatic element. Knowing how to engineer and design for these environments is challenging. The complexity between levels of automation, human information processing, and function allocation authority issues in an adaptive system make it unlikely to find a “one-size-fits-all” approach. There may still be general strategies for engineering in these cases; for example, collaborating and coordinating are familiar requirements of all human team activities, and extend to human-automation teaming. Here, we outline what we believe is one so-called “design pattern” for working agreements. We use the loose structure of prior software design patterns to organize our thoughts on why working agreements are necessary, where and how they are applicable, what instantiating them requires, and how to measure their effectiveness. By choosing the design pattern structure, we end up carefully describing what might work best and what the limits are toward improving human-machine teaming.
KW - Design patterns
KW - Human automation interaction
KW - Human-machine teaming
KW - Working agreements
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U2 - 10.1007/978-3-319-60591-3_2
DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-60591-3_2
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:85021433815
SN - 9783319605906
T3 - Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
SP - 12
EP - 24
BT - Advances in Human Factors in Simulation and Modeling - Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Human Factors in Simulation and Modeling, 2017
A2 - Cassenti, Daniel N.
PB - Springer Verlag
T2 - AHFE 2017 International Conference on Human Factors in Simulation and Modeling, 2017
Y2 - 17 July 2017 through 21 July 2017
ER -